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The first form of life appeared on earth about 4 billion years ago, in the form of microbes. Even microbes perform highly-complex information processing of the surrounding environment and learn to sustain in those environments. For example, the microbes which survive the antibiotic can pass the DNA changes onto the offspring, but that doesn’t happen … Read more
It’s a weekend, and it’s time to go down to the pub and put some random steps on the dance floor to your favorite songs of DJ Snake-Lean on, Magenta Riddim. But have you ever wondered how the DJ controls the music and sound equipment at the night clubs? Ever thought about how the volume … Read more
Imagine a world without a Printed Circuit board? Quite unimaginable, the tangled wires would have been all over the places. A Smartphone holds around 11000 centimeters of wire inside it, to connect a speaker, Antenna, GPS, battery, Wi-Fi, sensors, and many more components into a single device. But where are these wires? Are they invisible … Read more
The Common drain amplifier is a single transistor MOSFET amplifier, one of the basic fundamental MOSFET amplifiers. The Common drain amplifiers are different from Common source amplifiers where the resistor connected across the drain. Let us analyze the input resistance, output resistance, and the gain of the amplifier. Based on these parameters, it provides insight … Read more
During the late 18th century, the discovery of crude oil, lead to rapid industrialization. Industry veterans and economists termed the crude oil as Black gold. Ever wondered why the crude oil referred to as Black gold? Since oil is one of the valuable assets and due to its limited availability. Recent news in the Indian … Read more
A design engineer can design an op-amp using the passive components, what is the need of MOSFET based single-stage amplifiers? MOSFET transistors, have an edge over passive components, they can save the chip area. MOSFET, an active device, can produce higher resistance compared to passive load, which would result in higher gains. Common source amplifier … Read more
In this tutorial, we will simulate the CMOS Inverter using LTSpice XVIII circuit simulation tool. In this CMOS inverter circuit simulation, we will use the BSIM4 Spice model. What is BSIM4? That might be your next question. BSIM came into prominence during 1987, known as the Berkeley short-channel IGFET model. Modeling of any device involves … Read more
Evolution of semiconductor technology The advancement of semiconductor technology started with vacuum tubes, systems made of these vacuum tubes took entire room space and equivalent to the weight of an elephant. Remember the Typewriter? Yes, the Typewriter which is almost outdated these days. Even the vacuum tubes, considered to be one of the most important … Read more
Our second tutorial will focus on simulating an ideal op-amp, using the LTspice simulation tool. But what is an ideal op-amp? The figure below shows an ideal op-amp, the input impedance is denoted, as Rin and does not allow any current to flow into it. Ideally, the op-amp input impedance must be infinite, and the … Read more
Any circuit design engineer before developing a circuit would like to simulate that circuit to understand whether it satisfies the design rules, and this also gives an option of plug, and play which is not possible practically. To design and develop a circuit with no parts cost and circuit can be evaluated without any physical … Read more